Itchy skin is an unpleasant sensation that causes a strong urge to scratch. It is a very common symptom that can be caused by a variety of factors – ranging from dry skin or an allergic reaction to more serious internal organ diseases. Itching can be short-term or chronic (symptoms lasting longer than 6 weeks).
Who is more likely to experience itchy skin?
- People over the age of 65;
- People with allergic conditions;
- People with chronic skin conditions, such as eczema or psoriasis;
- People with diabetes;
- Pregnant women;
- Patients undergoing dialysis.
What are the symptoms?
- Dry and flaky skin;
- Redness of the skin;
- Swelling;
- Scratches and marks from scratching;
- Thickened or hardened skin;
- Changes in skin colour;
- Painful areas of skin;
- Cracked or bleeding skin;
- Small raised bumps (papules);
- Blisters or fluid-filled lesions.
What causes itching?
- Dermatological causes: itching may be caused by atopic dermatitis, eczema, psoriasis, skin infections, fungal infections and hives;
- Systemic causes: itching can sometimes be associated with liver disease, thyroid disorders, diabetes mellitus, pregnancy, cholestasis and kidney disease;
- Neuropathic causes: itching may result from damage to or disorders of the nervous system, where the transmission of nerve impulses is altered;
- Psychogenic causes: in some cases, itching may be associated with anxiety disorders, depression, obsessive-compulsive disorder and chronic stress;
- Environmental factors: itching may be triggered by allergens, certain fabrics or clothing, insect bites, dry air and chemicals.
What conditions can cause itching?
- Diabetes mellitus;
- Liver or kidney disease;
- Pregnancy;
- Eczema;
- Psoriasis;
- Cholestasis;
- Obsessive-compulsive disorder;
- Allergies;
- Dermatitis;
- Thyroid disorders.
What tests help diagnose itching?
- Medical history and physical examination: to diagnose itchy skin, the doctor will ask about troublesome symptoms and past illnesses, and carry out a physical examination;
- Laboratory tests: these help to identify possible diseases of the internal organs, inflammatory processes, vitamin or micronutrient deficiencies, and metabolic disorders;
- Allergy tests: these are carried out if an allergic cause of the itching is suspected and help to identify possible allergens;
- Imaging tests: in some cases, a chest X-ray or other tests may be carried out to identify possible internal diseases;
- Skin biopsy: when the diagnosis is unclear, a small skin sample is taken for histological examination.
How is itching treated?
Local treatment
- Moisturising creams;
- Lotions;
- Ointments;
- Medicated creams containing active ingredients.
Medication
- Antihistamines;
- Topical or oral corticosteroids;
- Immunosuppressants (e.g. cyclosporine A).
Treatment of the underlying condition
If itching is a symptom of another condition, it is essential to treat the underlying cause. Effective management of the underlying condition usually reduces or completely eliminates the symptoms of itching.
How can I reduce the risk of itching?
- Moisturise your skin regularly;
- Drink plenty of water;
- Bathe in warm, not hot, water;
- Use a humidifier indoors;
- Avoid known allergens and irritants;
- Use sun protection;
- Treat any chronic conditions appropriately.
When should I be concerned and see a doctor about itchy skin?
- The itching lasts for more than 2 weeks;
- The symptoms interfere with sleep or daily activities;
- The itching worsens or does not respond to treatment;
- Redness, swelling, oozing or scabbing of the skin develops;
- It is accompanied by a fever, nausea or vomiting;
- You notice unexplained weight loss or gain;
- You feel tired or develop other new symptoms.